C + +

"Introduction to Programming and C++" covers the basics of programming using the C++ language. Students learn fundamental concepts like variables, control structures, functions, and classes, as well as key C++ features such as pointers and object-oriented programming.

"C++ Program Structure" explains the organization and layout of C++ programs. This includes topics like header files, main function, variables, data types, control structures, functions, and classes. Understanding the program structure is essential for writing and maintaining C++ code effectively.

"Conditional Statements" in programming are used to execute different blocks of code based on certain conditions. Common conditional statements include "if", "else if", and "else". They allow programs to make decisions and perform different actions depending on the values of variables or the result of logical expressions. Conditional statements are fundamental to controlling the flow of execution in programs and are widely used in various programming languages, including C++.

"Function Declaration and Definition" in C++ involves declaring the function's prototype (declaration), which specifies the function's name, return type, and parameters, and defining the function's implementation (definition), which contains the actual code that executes when the function is called. Declaration informs the compiler about the function's existence and signature, while definition provides the implementation details. This separation allows functions to be declared before they are defined, facilitating modular programming and code reuse.

"Parameters and return values" are the inputs and outputs of functions. Parameters are values passed to functions for computation, while return values are the results sent back to the caller after function execution. They enable functions to interact with other parts of the program, enhancing modularity and reusability.

"Arrays and Strings" are fundamental data structures in programming. Arrays store collections of elements, while strings represent sequences of characters. They are widely used for data storage and manipulation tasks in various programming languages.

"Declaring arrays" sets up collections of elements, while "accessing arrays" retrieves specific elements using indices. "Manipulating strings" involves operations like concatenation and searching. "Pointers and References" are variables storing memory addresses, useful for dynamic memory allocation and data manipulation.

"Pointer basics" involve understanding how pointers store memory addresses and can be used to access data directly. "Dynamic memory allocation" refers to the process of allocating memory at runtime, allowing for flexible memory management. Pointers play a crucial role in dynamic memory allocation, enabling programs to allocate and deallocate memory as needed during execution.

"Classes and objects" are key concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP), where a class serves as a blueprint for creating objects, which are instances of that class. "Constructors and destructors" are special member functions of a class. Constructors initialize objects when they are created, while destructors clean up resources when objects are destroyed. They play a vital role in managing object lifecycle and ensuring proper initialization and cleanup in C++ programs.

"Inheritance" enables a subclass to inherit features from a superclass, promoting code reuse. "Polymorphism" allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass, enhancing flexibility in code design.

"File streams" in programming enable reading from and writing to files seamlessly. They provide a convenient mechanism for handling file-related operations.

"Containers" package applications and their dependencies, ensuring consistency and portability. They provide a lightweight and isolated environment for running software across different computing environments.

"Function templates" in C++ enable writing generic functions that work with any data type. They promote code reuse and simplify maintenance by avoiding duplicate implementations for different data types.

Lambda expressions in C++ offer concise anonymous functions, ideal for short-lived operations. Smart pointers automate memory management, preventing memory leaks. Move semantics efficiently transfer resources between objects, enhancing performance.

"Debugging techniques" are methods used to identify and fix issues in software code. They include using debugging tools like breakpoints and watch variables, as well as techniques such as logging and unit testing. Effective debugging ensures software reliability and functionality.

Final projects.